Archive forJuly, 2009

Themes support now lets you reskin Chrome

The latest developer version of Chrome can easily be reskinned. This shows the Camo theme. To compare to Snowflake and the default, see below.

The latest developer version of Chrome can easily be reskinned. This shows the Camo theme. To compare to Snowflake and the default, see below.

(Credit: Screenshot by Stephen Shankland/CNET)

Google’s Chrome tries to make a virtue out of its minimally intrusive browser interface, but that doesn’t stop people from wanting to change its colors. So customization fans probably will be happy to learn that themes are now activated in the newest developer release of Google’s browser.

Themes have been gradually getting simpler to activate in the browser, but they became enabled by default in the newest developer releases this week, version 3.0.195.3 and a hasty bug-fix release Wednesday night, version 3.0.195.4. No longer must you mess with pesky “–enable-extensions” command-line switches or other nitty-gritty options.

When you point Chrome to a theme's URL, the browser will offer to save it, a process that installs it, too.

When you point Chrome to a theme’s URL, the browser will offer to save it, a process that installs it, too.

(Credit: Screenshot by Stephen Shankland/CNET)

If you’re using the new Chrome developer release, there are two sample themes available, Camo and Snowflake. To activate them, click the link then agree to save the CRX file. Chrome will then switch themes and give you a yellow alert it did so.

Google is working on making this easier. In the tools menu, clicking “Options” and then “Personal Stuff,” there’s a “Themes” section with a “Get Themes” button. So far the Web site it links to is empty, but presumably it will be populated with some themes soon enough.

(Update 8:51 p.m. PDT: If you want to make your own themes beyond Google’s two samples, Google has published a draft themes design document that explains how.)

The themes also work on Mac OS X, though the options dialog box has a tantalizing color picker that I couldn’t get to do anything.

Themes work on Chrome for Mac OS X, too.

Themes work on Chrome for Mac OS X, too.

(Credit: Screenshot by Stephen Shankland/CNET)

The options dialog box also includes an option to reset the theme to Chrome’s default. However, it appears there’s not much in the way of theme management at present; to switch themes, you’ll have to reinstall them from the Web or your hard drive.

Not every Chrome user can try themes so easily yet. Google typically introduces these changes with the developer release before spreading them to the slower-moving, better tested beta and stable versions.

Chrome's options dialog box now lets you change themes, though at present it points to an empty Web site.

Chrome’s options dialog box now lets you change themes, though for now it links to an empty Web site.

(Credit: Screenshot by Stephen Shankland/CNET)

Google evidently has high hopes for Chrome themes. Trying to reproduce what it’s done letting people reskin the iGoogle personalized home page service, Google is trying to coax artists to volunteer themes for Chrome. According to The New York Times, a number of those artists declined to offer their work for free.

Themes in the browser are an element of Chrome’s nascent extensions system, a high priority in development at present. Extensions can customize what the browser can do, and they’re a big advantage Firefox has over rival browsers.

The themes change the color of the frame behind the row of tabs, with inactive tabs becoming somewhat translucent to show a blurred version of what’s behind them. Other elements such as the status bar and find tool also shift colors accordingly. The background image on the new new-tab page also gets a related graphic–and by the way, that more interactive new-tab page is now activated by default.

The new version also adds support for the HTML 5 video tag, Google said. That feature is a centerpiece of browser makers’ efforts to propagate “open Web” standards that permit richer Web sites and Web applications that don’t rely on plug-ins such as Adobe Flash.

Below you can see the Snowflake and default themes.

If you're not aggro enough for Camo, try the Snowflake theme.

If you’re not aggro enough for Camo, try the Snowflake theme.

(Credit: Screenshot by Josh Lowensohn/CNET)

Chrome's default theme.

Chrome’s default theme. If you don’t like blue, you should have other options soon.

(Credit: Screenshot by Stephen Shankland/CNET)

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PS3 and PSP slump, Wii hammered too

PS3 sales are slumping, but not as bad as the Wii’s sales, which have been cut in half.

(Credit: Sony)

Sony latest earnings show that it continues to be hammered by the worldwide recession and strong yen, suffering a net loss of $390.5 million in the quarter that ended June 30.

The bright spot was Sony’s motion picture division, which saw a 6.5 percent boost that was largely attributable to the relatively strong showing of “Angels & Demons” at the box office. But almost everything else, including TV, video game, and computer sales, was down in a big way.

In an article, The New York Times highlighted the 37.4 percent year-over-year slump in gaming and computer sales (Vaio PC). The article noted that PlayStation 3 game consoles were “particularly sluggish” and that software sales had dropped.

According to the report, Sony said it sold about 1.1 million PlayStation 3s and 1.3 million PlayStation Portables in the latest quarter, compared with 1.6 million PS3s and 3.7 million PSPs in the same period a year ago.

The wane in PSP sales is particularly brutal, although part of that slowdown may have been due to rumors earlier in the quarter that Sony would release a new PSP later in the year. (And sure, enough, the PSP Go was unveiled in June at E3.) Also, the constant spate of rumors involving the potential arrival of a new PS3 Slim certainly hasn’t helped sales of the current game console.

On a more positive note, we recently attended a PlayStation preview in New York that highlighted the PSP Go and the exclusive titles available for both the PSP and PS3 platforms during the upcoming holiday-shopping season. Overall, it looked pretty good.

Sony can also be consoled by the fact that sales are also way down for the Wii, as Nintendo reported a 66 percent fall in quarterly operating profit on “slowing demand for its Wii console and a stronger yen.”

Nintendo sold 2.23 million Wii consoles in the quarter, compared with 5.17 million the same quarter a year earlier.

However, Nintendo still posted a profit of $445 million and is forecasting that it will sell 26 million Wii consoles before year’s end–along with 30 million DS handheld game players, which, by the way, is seeing increased competition from another handheld device. Nintendo didn’t mention the PSP as the rival in its earning call, but rather Apple’s iPhone.

Comments? Is the PlayStation franchise in serious trouble or will it pull out of its funk this holiday season? Does Nintendo need to cut the price of Wii?

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With Yahoo search gone, content becomes king

Yahoo’s long nightmare is over, having finally offloaded its search business to Microsoft after years of rumors, negotiations and reversals. Now all it has to do is figure out what comes next.

A new era at Yahoo began the minute CEO Carol Bartz signed the paperwork turning over the right to conduct searches on Yahoo’s huge network of Web sites to Microsoft in exchange for 88 percent of the revenue generated by Microsoft’s Bing. Now Yahoo is first and foremost a media company, in the business of attracting as many people to its properties as possible in hopes of selling lucrative ad deals on those pages.

This strategy has not always worked on the Internet. Search advertising has been far and away the most effective way for advertisers to reach their audiences, and they have responded by pouring money into the coffers of the company that has best combined relevant search results and efficient advertising: Google.

But Bartz seems to have decided that Yahoo doesn’t have the ability or the will to take on Google directly, arguing that the company should focus on what it does best and leave the technology to others. While that probably came as a bit of a surprise to the many engineers working on search technology inside Yahoo, Bartz hasn’t exactly been hiding her intentions for Yahoo over the past eight months.

“We’re not a search company,” Bartz said flat-out in June, discussing how Yahoo is a different company than Google or Microsoft. Now that she’s made that distinction official, what is Yahoo?

“It’s where people find relevant and contextual information,” Bartz said in May at the D: All Things Digital conference, clearly having envisioned a post-search Yahoo. “It’s news, it’s sports…home page, mail. It’s a fabulous place.”

That’s a content company, turning the focus to how Yahoo should produce the kind of content and services that will keep existing users coming back for more and attract new ones to the site. Some began to wonder on Wednesday if Yahoo just turned itself into a bigger, purpler AOL.

On the services side, some areas, like Yahoo Mail, Flickr, and Messenger, are clearly where Yahoo is unlikely to take its foot off the gas pedal. Same for Yahoo’s mobile strategy, a part of the Internet that is very much up for grabs, unlike the more mature PC-oriented Internet experience.

As Yahoo’s new home page shows, the new challenge for a post-search Yahoo is a blend of content and services. Where will they come from?

(Credit: Yahoo)

So Yahoo isn’t getting out of the technology business entirely. Yahoo will continue to need ways to keep its new home page hooked into the wider world of social networking, real-time communication, and things we haven’t even thought of yet, and that will require smart, savvy engineering.

But on the content side, Yahoo will have to figure out whether it needs to expand its current offerings, pare down some of the less frequently used products, or tap the outsourcing strategy in this area as well. There’s been quite a lot of turnover in recent years at Yahoo, but there are probably enough people left who remember that the last time Yahoo tried to play a prominent role in designing its own content, it didn’t end well.

Is Yahoo on a path to becoming the world’s biggest content aggregation site? If so, there are obviously far more costs that can be wrung out of its various products: how many people are required to produce OMG!? Does Yahoo Sports need all those writers? Couldn’t the company just hire a few people to keep the site filled with content from partners and save a boatload without sacrificing traffic?

Yahoo declined to make anyone available Wednesday to share the company’s broad vision beyond its determination to make its exit from the search arena official. Shareholders, who clearly now understand that they’ll never see anything close to the $33-a-share offer that Microsoft originally dangled in front of co-founder Jerry Yang, will soon be impatient to see the long-term plan, now that a search deal has been worked out.

There’s enough guaranteed revenue in the deal to keep things quiet for a while, but it’s going to take two years–at minimum–for it to substantially shape the company. What will Yahoo look like then?

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Apple releases 2TB Time Capsule

(Credit: Apple)

For those of you looking for more capacity in Apple’s combo 802.11n router/NAS drive, the company has boosted its top-end Time Capsule to 2TB and slapped a $499 price tag on it.

More significantly, Apple also dropped the price of the 1TB model–which just Wednesday cost $499–to $299. Aside from the higher capacity, nothing else appears to have changed.

Previously, Apple also offered a 500GB Time Capsule, but that model has been discontinued and can only be found in the refurbished aisle, where it’s going for $199.

All I can say is that if Apple was able to shave off $200 on the 1TB model, it must have had one hell of a nice margin.

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Congress demands info from Web loyalty firm

Vertrue, which operates a so-called Web loyalty program, apparently isn’t as forthcoming with information as some U.S. Senators would like.

On Tuesday, the U.S. Senate’s Commerce Committee issued a subpoena to Vertrue requiring that the privately held company turn over documents that committee investigators requested in May, including communications with business partners and credit card companies.

Companies like Norwalk, Conn.-based Vertue, along with WebLoyalty and Affinion, are marketers that make “cash-back” and coupon offers to consumers and charge those who enroll in their loyalty programs. The three are under investigation after scores of consumers complained that they were duped into paying monthly fees.

(Credit: Vertrue.com)

George Thomas, a Vertrue spokesman, said that it was Vertrue execs who requested the subpoena as they would refuse to give up consumers’ privacy unless ordered to by authorities.

“We requested in writing that the subpoena be issued and that’s because one of the items requested was consumer information,” Thomas said, “including consumer complaints and inquiries over the course of a decade, which would include personally identifiable information about the consumer.”

In a CNET News story published last week, WebLoyalty said that its service is popular with the vast majority of users. Typically, Web loyalty programs–which offer discounts or cash back if the customer just enters an e-mail–present offers as a consumer is about to finish a purchase. Many who complain about the programs say that the terms are tucked into a dense field of fine print and graphics.

Also, many consumers who allegedly “opt in” to the program don’t know that by just keying in their e-mail address, companies like Vertrue and WebLoyalty can acquire access to their credit cards. WebLoyalty’s CEO, Rick Fernandes, said last week that his company pays retailers such as Buy.com, Fandango, and Orbitz for access to their customers’ cards.

It’s worth noting that while Thomas and Vertrue say they wouldn’t give up consumers’ private information unless ordered to, Buy.com, Fandango and Orbitz appear to have a much lower threshold for sharing that information.

For anybody looking for more information, they should visit Consumerist.com, which has done an excellent job of covering WebLoyalty and Vertrue for several months. To see a long list of consumers complaints about these companies, try here.

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Senators seek ban on texting while driving

congress

States that do not ban texting by drivers could forfeit hundreds of millions of dollars in federal highway funds under legislation introduced Wednesday in the Senate.

Under the measure, states would have two years to outlaw the sending of text and e-mail messages by motorists or lose 25 percent of their highway funds each year until the money was depleted.

“Studies show this is far more dangerous than talking on a phone while driving or driving while drunk, which is astounding,” said Senator Charles Schumer, Democrat of New York, one of four senators to introduce the proposed legislation.

Schumer said the authors were responding to recent studies that have begun to quantify the risks of texting while driving. One study released earlier this week from the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute found that truck drivers face a 23 times greater risk of crash or near crash when texting than when not doing so.

Research from the University of Utah, which used a driving simulator to study the ability of motorists to multitask, found an eightfold greater risk of crashing when texting. By comparison, Utah researchers showed that drivers using a cell phone to talk face a four times greater risk of crashing, about equal to someone with a 0.08 blood alcohol level, generally the legal limit for intoxication.

Currently, texting while driving is banned in 14 states, including Alaska, California and New Jersey, as well as the District of Columbia. The legislature in New York recently passed such a measure and sent it to the governor for a signature.

Regulation of the roadways generally happens at the state level. But in the past the federal government has exerted pressure on the states based of the threat of withholding federal highway funds, as Congress did in 1984 to pressure states to raise the minimum drinking age to 21 years.

Schumer said that the legislation was essentially based on the drinking age law.

The Governors Highway Safety Association, a group that represents state highway safety agencies in every state, opposes texting while driving but does not support the proposed legislation.

“We oppose sanctioning states since there is not yet a proven effective method for enforcing a texting or cell phone ban,” an association spokesman, Jonathan Adkins, said.

Safety advocates said that such concerns about enforcement were raised about seat belt laws but argued that the value of such laws–even if they could not be enforced all the time–created awareness about the issue and set societal guidelines for the behavior.

The other sponsors of the Senate measure include Mary Landrieu of Louisiana, Robert Menendez of New Jersey, and Kay Hagan of North Carolina.

Entire contents, Copyright © 2009 The New York Times. All rights reserved.

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Single misplaced ‘&’ caused latest IE exploit

A security hole in Internet Explorer that opened the browser to hackers since early July was caused by a single typo in Microsoft’s code.

An errant ampersand (”&”) took the blame for the exploit, admitted Microsoft in a blog published Tuesday at its Security Development Lifecycle (SDL) Web site.

Michael Howard, a security program manager at Microsoft, explained in his blog that the typo corrupted the code of an ActiveX control used by the browser. The control was created by Microsoft using an older library of code, which Howard admitted has flaws. Because of those flaws, the typo caused the code to write untrusted data, exposing the browser to the bad guys.

Outside of its regular Patch Tuesday routine, Microsoft issued an emergency fix for IE, which it said would block attempts to exploit the flaw in ActiveX controls.

Development tools like Microsoft’s own Visual Studio use the same library of code, known as Active Template Library (ATL). On the same day it released the emergency patch for IE, the company also released a Visual Studio fix.

Howard said the typo would have been difficult to spot in a review of the code, and that none of Microsoft’s code analysis methods would have uncovered it either.

In his blog, Howard played a high-tech version of “Where’s Waldo?” by challenging readers to find the typo amid a few short lines of code, even hinting that it was a single character.

The code lines he listed were:
__int64 cbSize;
hr = pStream->Read((void*) &cbSize, sizeof(cbSize), NULL);
BYTE *pbArray;
HRESULT hr = SafeArrayAccessData(psa, reinterpret_cast(&pbArray));
hr = pStream->Read((void*)&pbArray, (ULONG)cbSize, NULL);

And his riddle for readers:
“I’ll give you one more clue – it’s a one character typo. Give up? Look at the last line. The first argument is incorrect. It should be: hr = pStream->Read((void*)pbArray, (ULONG)cbSize, NULL);”

The hole was originally uncovered earlier this month by a pair of German researchers. Thomas Dullien (also known as Halvar Flake), CEO of Zynamics GmbH, and his friend Dennis Elser detailed their discovery in a blog. After the exploit became known, the two did some digging into the code and found the unwanted “&” character.

So what will Microsoft do to guard against future typos?

In his blog, Howard acknowledged the need to clean up the company’s coding process. He said that Microsoft will update the tools it uses to find these types of errors. The company will also require its programmers to use the newer ATL code. In the past, Microsoft never told its programmers what to use. But says Howard in his blog, “We’re going to change that!”

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New GPS platform aims to save batteries

CSR has unveiled a new GPS architecture that it says will let portable devices be constantly location-aware without draining their batteries.

The architecture, SiRFstarIV, was announced on Tuesday along with the first product to use it, CSR’s GSD4t receiver for mobile phones and other portable devices.

Mobile phones increasingly have GPS (Global Positioning System) as a feature, for navigation and other location-based services. However, current GPS architecture is a major contributor to battery drain–a situation CSR is hoping to fix.

The U.K.-based company, which has generally concentrated more on Bluetooth chip design, bought GPS architecture firm SiRF in February. As part of the deal, SiRF’s founder, Kanwar Chadha, joined CSR as chief marketing officer. CSR was formerly Cambridge Silicon Radio.

Chadha told ZDNet UK on Tuesday that smartphones using current GPS platforms deliver a worse experience than dedicated personal navigation devices with the same technology. He attributed this lag in smartphones to three factors: battery consumption, the time it takes to get a fix on GPS satellites (as the GPS has to turn on and off to save power), and interference from other electronics inside the devices.

“GPS was not designed to be navigation-centric,” Chadha said. “If you try to make location available all the time, you drain the battery very quickly. Other radios, the LCD display and the processor also interfere with the GPS signal.”

This situation was a driver for the creation of SiRFstarIV, which is “not on all the time, and not off all the time,” Chadha said.

The platform instead uses an “aware” state, which “keeps the necessary information to do a very fast calculation from the satellite [and is] alive all the time but in a very low micropower mode,” he explained. This approach means the device’s GPS does not need to be continually turned on and off to conserve power–hence the speed with which it can get a satellite fix.

Chadha said the SiRFstarIV platform uses between 50-500 microamps. That power consumption level is substantially lower than that found in existing GPS platforms, which burn up power in the milliamps.

The company also looked at the other drags on GPS performance in smartphones for the new architecture.

“The second thing we did is [to] put in a new technology which scans for all the noisy signals that interfere with GPS, and eliminates interferers before they can hit the GPS signal,” Chadha said.

The GSD4t receiver is now available in sample quantities to manufacturers of mobile phones and other portable devices, with full-scale production scheduled for October. According to Chadha, the first handsets using SiRFstarIV should become available in early 2010.

David Meyer of ZDNet UK reported from London.

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Touch screens that consumers didn’t touch

When Windows 7 is unleashed this fall with more gesture-recognition built directly into the operating system, more PC makers are planning on taking advantage.

While touch-screen desktops are gaining popularity, there haven’t been many consumer-friendly touch-screen notebooks yet. But that will change soon. Last week Sony said it plans to release a touch-screen Vaio notebook this fall, and Hewlett-Packard and Asus did so earlier this year.

But the question is whether there’s a need for touch screens when it comes to portables like notebooks. Adding touch to desktops, like HP, Dell, Asus, and others have done, appears to be gaining some momentum and boosting the faltering desktop market.

The first time
If a Vaio touch-screen notebook were to strike a chord with consumers, it would be the first time. There have been plenty of touch-screen notebooks that convert into tablets released over the years, and almost all of them have been purchased by the IT departments of large companies, police departments, the military, and more recently, hospitals.

There are several reasons they haven’t really taken off with consumers: they’re very expensive, heavy, and there’s a dearth of good consumer software with touch applications.

Last year, according to IDC, just 1 percent of the notebook market, or 1.4 million units, were touch-screen notebooks. By the end of this year it will actually shrink to .6 percent, and by 2010, be at .7 percent. That means IDC isn’t expecting Windows 7 to drastically alter the landscape of the touch-screen notebook market.

So why is this idea being revived? History doesn’t suggest consumers will flock to this, though touch screens are far more popular in smaller devices like smartphones and portable media players now. It’s feasible that the success of the iPhone and the G1 could translate to a computing experience that requires two hands and a physical keyboard.

‘Toe-dipping’
What could be going on is just some experimentation, or “toe-dipping,” as IDC analyst Richard Shim put it. And while it could be handy for some applications, like just pressing a play button on screen for music or video, there’s just not a lot of software out there yet to make it worth the extra cost.

“You can see some apps that could be convenient, but I think right now there isn’t enough software to really create a flourishing touch-screen market, let alone touch-screen notebooks,” Shim said. Desktops make sense because they’re much larger and stationary, and are being used more as communal PCs. “With notebooks it’s a more personal device…and if you have a touch pad sitting there (near they keyboard), why wouldn’t you use it?” Plus, there’s that pesky habit you have to break yourself of: the instinct not to touch your screen.

So, herewith are some of the variations that PC makers have already come up with, with varying degrees of success.

NEC Versa LitePad(Credit: CNET)

NEC Versa LitePad
The first crop of slate-style tablet PCs released in 2002 from Fujitsu, Motion Computing, and ViewSonic–despite being truly flat–were too big and heavy to represent any real break from the tried-and-true notebook design. But the NEC Versa LitePad really looked like a pad of paper with PC functionality. In fact, the LitePad is almost identical in size to a small spiral-bound notebook and weighed only 2.2 pounds, but it cost $2,399 when it was released in 2003.

HP trimode tablet PC

HP Compaq Tablet PC TC1000
The HP Compaq Tablet PC TC1000 squeezed three computers into one back in 2002. It was a small, light, slate-style tablet PC, with a great stylus, but it also had a snap-on keyboard to make it a thin-and-light notebook. Unfortunately, the battery life was just three hours. But it also came with a dock so it could transform into a desktop as well. It started at $1,699, but was mostly meant for enterprise customers.

Panasonic Toughbook 29(Credit: Panasonic)

Panasonic Toughbook 29
Another twist on the touch screen in a notebook came from with the idea of a detachable touch screen. The Panasonic Toughbook 29 came with the option of a separate, portable touch screen that could be used up to 300 feet away. Panasonic’s fully rugged line of Toughbooks are designed to take some spectacular abuse at the hands of military, construction foremen, public utility employees, and even consumers. But they never gained a foothold with regular folks.

HP Touchmart TX2(Credit: Hewlett-Packard)

HP Touchsmart TX2
HP released the first made-for-consumers multitouch notebook late last year, but it hasn’t made any sort of dent in the popularity of touch screens. It’s a 12.1-inch convertible tablet that has the iPhone-like ability to scroll, zoom, flick, and drag and drop by using your fingers on the screen. It does have a more reasonable price tag below $1,200.
Asus Eee PC T91
A Netbook and convertible tablet, the touch-screen Eee PC could be the future of touch-screen PCs.

Asus Eee PC T91(Credit: Asus)

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National Academies: U.S. energy at a crossroads

If changing the U.S. energy supply to be more secure and sustainable is like steering a massive ship, then the direction we set it on today won’t be fully felt for 10 or 20 years.

The National Research Council, the operating arm of the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering, on Monday released a report called “America’s Energy Future” that seeks to focus the country’s discussion on energy and draw attention to the most promising technologies.

One of the messages from the report is that long-term problems require sustained strategies and a break from business as usual. Technology has a big role to play, but none of the academic and business experts who authored the study expects a single fix.

“One of the committee’s conclusions is that there is no technological ’silver bullet’ at present that could transform the U.S. energy system through a substantial new source of clean and reasonably priced domestic energy. Instead, the transformation will require a balanced portfolio of existing (though perhaps modified) technologies, multiple new energy technologies, and new energy-efficiency and energy-use patterns,” wrote Harold T. Shapiro, the chair of the committee on America’s Energy Future.

Carbon-heavy: the source for energy in the U.S. The pie chart breaks out sources of electricity generation.

(Credit: Energy Information Administration, 2008.)

Although there isn’t one solution, certain technologies deserve more research than others, both in electricity and in transportation. Successful development and deployment of them can reduce greenhouse gases substantially in both sectors in the next 30 years using a portfolio approach.

In the short term, the study’s authors concluded that efficiency is the easiest and lowest-cost option for “moderating” national demand for energy in the next decade.

Adopting existing building-efficiency products alone could potentially eliminate the need to build any new power plants, although some may be needed to address regional supply imbalances or upgrade existing power plants. Broadly applied in transportation, buildings, and industry, efficiency technologies could reduce energy use by 15 percent in 2020 and 30 percent by 2030, compared to the Energy Information Administration’s “business as usual” reference scenario.

The U.S. has a number of good options for diversifying power generation as well but developing the products to do this will likely raise the price of electricity.

Because the U.S. has good resources, renewable energy from wind, solar, and geothermal could provide an additional 500 terawatt-hours per year by 2020 and 1,100 terawatt-hours per year by 2035. Total U.S. electricity consumption is now about 4,000 terawatt-hours per year.

Coal power plants with carbon capture and storage technology, where carbon dioxide would be stored underground, could replace the entire coal fleet by 2035 through retrofits or new construction. “Evolutionary nuclear technologies” could supply up to 850 terawatt-hours of electricity by 2035 by modifying existing plants and building new ones.

However, to take advantage of more renewable energy and run the system more efficiently will require modernizing the electricity system with smart-grid technologies, which the study says is “urgently needed.”

Planning ahead
In assessing the transportation sector, the study’s authors concluded that petroleum will continue to fuel the country’s cars and trucks in the next three decades, although maintaining domestic petroleum production will be challenging. Once again, the best near-term option to cutting oil consumption is better vehicle efficiency.

Making liquid fuels from biomass, such as wood chips, and from coal with carbon capture and storage could replace about 15 percent of today’s fuel consumption. But both approaches still have significant technical barriers. Also, there are potential environmental problems from using large amounts of land for biofuels and coal-to-liquid fuels would increase emissions without carbon capture and storage, according to the study.

Where your BTUs come from. This graphic shows the delivery of energy from primary fuel sources shown on the left.

(Credit: Lawrence Livermore Lab, Department of Energy)

Meanwhile, making large numbers of electric light-duty vehicles will require advances in battery performance and fuel cells as well as smart-grid technologies to manage the demand.

The authors of “America’s Future Energy” said that emerging technologies need to go through pilot tests in the next five years to demonstrate that they can be commercially viable and done at large scale 10 years from now.

The report said the most high-priority “demonstration stage” technologies are carbon capture and storage, evolutionary nuclear, cellulosic ethanol, and advanced light-duty vehicles. Long-term research and development is required for producing liquid fuels from renewable resources, advanced batteries and fuel cells, large-scale electricity storage, enhanced geothermal, and advanced solar photovoltaics.

To overcome technical and other barriers, the study said that policies and regulations and other incentives need to put in place.

“Actions taken between now and 2020 to develop and demonstrate several key technologies will largely determine options for many decades to come. Therefore, it is imperative that the technology development and demonstration activities identified in this report be started soon, even though some will be expensive and not all will be successful: some may fail, prove uneconomic, or be overtaken by better technologies,” according to the report.

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